With more than 29 million cubic kilometers (7 million cubic miles) of ice and snow, the Antarctic Ice Sheet is so massive that its weight depresses the underlying crust by 900 meters (nearly 3,000 feet). New snow that collects on the ice sheet's surface causes the ice beneath it to spread out and move along the slope of the land. In this video segment adapted from NOVA, a team of glaciologists carves into one glacier on the East Sheet to monitor the nature and speed of its movement.

This video and companion website explain the mechanics of an avalanche and how scientists are attempting to learning more about the nature of snow pack instability to better predict these oftentimes deadly events.

NPR Talk of the Nation Science Friday Audio Story: New work in the journal Science suggests that bacteria may have played an important role in guiding the formation of the snow and rain forming ice crystals found in high-level clouds. The researchers looked at snow samples from around the globe — including Montana, France and Antarctica — and found that cells and cell fragments were a significant part of the aerosol particles that lead to the formation of ice and raindrops. Brent C. Christner, a member from the research team, talks with guest host Joe Palca about the connection between microbiology and meteorology.

This overview of the Wind Chill Factor provides a wind chill calculator, conversion tables, raw data (Excel file), and biology and mathematics extensions with questions.

This lesson explores how the force of gravity, acts upon a luge and rider. It teaches how gravity has an influence on speed and time of the luge run. Students will select various values for gravity and collect times for luge runs.

This resource from the World of Sports Science explains the forces at work in leaps and throws in figure skating.

In this video adapted from NOVA scienceNOW, learn how the common wood frog survives the cold winter. Wood frogs are found in the northern United States and Canada and must endure freezing cold temperatures for parts of the year. In order to survive the cold, they have a special adaptation—they are able to freeze solid without damaging their cells. Sugar acts like a natural antifreeze in their bodies, allowing them to spend the winter frozen and then resume function in the spring.

The objective of this study was to analyze the motions involved with the NordicTrack and cross-country skiing and look for similarities and/or differences. This project took a biomechanical perspective, using video analysis to examine trunk angle, trunk angular velocity, knee angle, hip angle, coordination of the knee and hip angles, and position and velocity of the ankle joint in both the NordicTrack and cross-country skiing.

This tutorial page/case study (22 December 1998) provides details on the necessary conditions for, and characteristics of, lake effect snow.

In this YouTube video, chemistry teacher Aaron Keller demonstrates the amazing properties of liquid nitrogen. He explains each demonstration in an understandable way. The temperature of liquid nitrogen is -196C (-321F). He explains how a dewar flask works. He pulls balloons out of a cooler, showing the expansion of a gas as it warms. He demonstrates the explosive power of the expansion of liquid nitrogen in an enclosed container. Liquid nitrogen is so cold that the floor is like a hot griddle. Liquid nitrogen has a very low viscosity. He demonstrates how brittle a flower becomes when frozen in a liquid nitrogen bath. Finally, he shows how to shatter a racquetball. As a bonus he shows how nitrogen gas can be used to put out a candle flame.

This website, from the University of Toronto, provides a discussion of the instability that gives rise to ripples on the surface of icicles. A description of this instability is followed by multiple videos of icicles forming under a variety of conditions. Comparisons are made to ripples on stalactites and the movements of the ripples are also presented.

The Science of Hockey is the first in a series of "Sports Science" resources developed by the Exploratorium. This site takes you inside the game: you'll hear from NHL players and coaches from the San Jose Sharks, as well as leading physicists and chemists.

This tutorial on the chemical interaction between salt and ice explains how molecules on the surface of the ice escape into the water (melting), and how molecules of water are captured on the surface of the ice (freezing). It was created by the Chemistry Department at Frostburg State University (no, really).

This article describes the physical reasons why automobile engines have more difficulty starting in cold conditions than in warmer weather.

This interactive simulation illustrates the confluence of conditions that give rise to a nor'easter.

This "expedient" piece from Popular Mechanics presents some of the physics behind good packing snow.

This MSNBC article from 2002 describes the state-of-the-science technology, research, and development behind body suits in preparation for the winter games of the 21st Century.